Same-Sex Unions Pre-1993
Unions between two members of the same sex in some sort of ceremony -- religious or otherwise -- existed for many years before anyone sought to gain legal recognition for such unions. Generally, these unions were kept private, with knowledge limited to immediate friends and family members. Then, in 1971 the first lawsuit seeking to legalize a same-sex marriage was filed. Baker v. Nelson was inspired by the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Loving v. Virginia. In Loving, the Supreme Court invalidated a state statute that prohibited interracial marriage. The court ruled that to deny marriage on the basis of race was a violation of the constitutional principles of equal protection and due process of law, because the law had "no legitimate purpose independent of invidious racial discrimination."
The Minnesota Supreme Court was not swayed by the reasoning in Loving. It struck down Jack Baker's attempt to gain legal status for his marriage to Mike McConnell. The court ruled that marriage was by definition between a man and a woman, and thus (unlike in Loving) there was no fundamental right to marry. Moreover, in a 1974 case, the Washington Supreme Court determined that the state's Equal Rights Amendment could not be held to allow homosexuals the right to marry. The law provided protection only on the basis of sex, not sexual orientation.
Following these cases were additional attempts at getting a state or federal court to recognize the right of homosexuals to marry. There were decisions allowing unmarried partners to sue for enforcement of promises of support or financial sharing (so-called "palimony" cases), beginning with the landmark Marvin v. Marvin
case involving actor Lee Marvin in California in 1976. Gays also attempted to form legal relationships by having one partner "adopt" the other. Some municipalities, beginning with the California city of Berkeley in 1984, adopted domestic partnership laws that extended some recognition and benefits of marriage to registered same-sex couples. But gay activists considered these gains as falling far short of their ultimate goal: granting marriage recognition to gay unions.
